Harvard Writing Style

subroutine library Guide on Harvard Citing and Referencing Contents Introduction2 Choosing a write style2 What is referencing? 2 Why quotation? 2 When to reference? ( buc plentyeering)3 In-text references4 ack nary(pre zero(prenominal)inal)edgement keep down5 Abbreviations5 manakins6 references6 Books8 Book8 Book chapter8 e-book from a database8 e-book from the net profit9 Encyclopaedia or dictionary9 Secondary point of reference9 No leave10 diary cla make fors10 journal word10 e- diary phrase from a database10 In press article11 Magazine article no spring11 newspaper publisher articles11 invigoratedspaper article11Newspaper article from a database11 Internet ejaculates12 banter add up nub12 Newsgroup message12 Blogs12 Website documents13 logical argument notes13 Course notes from RMIT University Library reserve13 Course notes from RMIT University Library e-reserve13 Course notes from Online RMIT14 Reports14 Government publications14 Parliamentary debates14 A ustralian Bureau of Statistics15 Legislation and juristic campaigns15 Legislation15 jural scales15 Other reference works16 Conference paper16 Thesis16 Patent16 compact disc read-only memory16 Film, moving picture, TV and radio program17Personal communication17 Bibliography17 Introduction The author-date carcass originated at Harvard University, and although they no longer produce a standard guide to referencing, a version of the author-date system is still commonly referred to as the Harvard style. Other author-date referencing styles accommodate Chicago, APA and MLA. The Harvard Style of referencing is widely accepted in scholarly circles. Each reference is indicated in the text by the author and date of the publication elevated, sometimes with added learning such as scalawag poetry.The full details of these references are enumerateed at the end of the text in a telephone extension run. thither are umpteen different styles or ways of using the Harvard or author-dat e system. This document is meant only as a guide. It is important that you check with your check as to what they require for referencing. You whitethorn be penalised for not conforming to your indoctrinates requirements. Further details and suits whitethorn be found in the Style manual(a)(a) for authors, editors and printers (2002). Electronic re get-gos are not adequately turn to in theStyle manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) and so the principles of author-date citing cod been applied in development those examples. The tuition and examples are derived from the quest source Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, sixth edn, butt Wiley & Sons, Australia. Choosing a reference style The style (i. e. post in which the details of a reference are cited) may vary depending on the requirements of your department, lecturer or supervisor. Some Schools produce their hold guidelines for citing references.Check with your School whether they get down a pr eferred Referencing Style. The Library also has a Style Manuals rapsc on the wholeion (http//www. rmit. edu. au/ subroutine library/reference/manuals) that domiciliates links to websites on various referencing styles. What is referencing? Referencing an discipline source apply in an academic pop off means to utilization a standardised method of acknowledging that source. The full details of the source essential be arrive atn. All information implementd in your assignment, thesis, etc. , whether published, or unpublished, mustiness be referenced. Why reference? When writing a valet of academic work (ie. essay, thesis, etc. you are required to acknowledge the sources of information that you have used Oto prove that your work has a substantial, factual reason Oto show the research youve make to reach your conclusions Oto allow your readers to site and bring forward the references for their own use Information obtained from the Internet is covered by copyright law. For this reason it is important to cite Internet references just as you would cite print references. Many style guide producers have extended the system used for print alternatives and applied this to electronic resources. A date of glide slope is very useful as Internet resources change rapidly.When to reference? (plagiarization) You must reference all sources used in a particular work whether you are O without delay copying the address of opposite author (quoting), or Oputting their ideas into your own book of accounts (paraphrasing) If you do not acknowledge these sources, then you are plagiarising their work. Plagiarism is defined as the taking, using, and passing off as your own, the ideas or words of another. It is a very serious academic offensive activity, and may result in your work being failed automatically. There is more(prenominal) information on this adequate to(p) in Copyright, plagiarism and fair use-0 (http//www. rmit. edu. u/library/info-trek/copyright). RMI T University definition of plagiarism RMIT has an assessment charter, which elaborates key responsibilities common to all staff and students in coition to assessment and defines the Universitys policy on plagiarism. Plagiarism is defined (RMIT 2003a) as stealing somebodys intellectual property (IP) by presenting their work, thoughts or ideas as though they are your own. It is cheating. It is a serious academic offence and can lead to expulsion from RMIT. Plagiarism can take many forms written, graphic and visual forms, and includes use of electronic data and material used in oral demonstrations.Plagiarism may even occur unintentionally, such as when the origin of the material used is not properly cited. What constitutes plagiarism? under(a) the charter, you may be accused of plagiarism if you do any of the pursuance OCopy sentences or paragraphs word-for-word from any source, whether published or unpublished (including, scarcely not limited to books, twenty-four hour periodb ooks, continues, theses, websites, conference papers, chassis notes, etc. ) without proper citation. OClosely paraphrasis sentences, paragraphs, ideas or themes without proper citation. OPiece together text from one or more sources and add only linking sentences without proper citation.OCopy or submit whole or parts of computer files without acknowledging their source. OCopy designs or works of art and submit them as your pilot work. OCopy a whole or any part of another students work. OSubmit work as your own that someone else has done for you. Enabling Plagiarism is the act of assisting or allowing another person to filch your own work (RMIT 2003a). It is also a serious academic offence. more(prenominal) detail on what constitutes plagiarism is found in the January 2003 Policy Plagiarism (http//mams. rmit. edu. au/1oavdg0bdd1. pdf). What is the penalty for plagiarism? Plagiarism is not permitted in RMIT University.Any use of another persons work or ideas must be acknowledged. If you fail to do this, you may be charged with academic flub and face a penalty under RMIT Regulations 6. 1. 1 Student make up (http//mams. rmit. edu. au/j4lb68xx36oj1. pdf. ) Penalties for plagiarism (RMIT 2003c) include Orecording of a failure for the assignment or course Ocancellation of any or all results Osuspension from the program Oexpulsion from the program quotation The information in this section on Plagiarism has been supplied from the Written invoices and essays guidelines for referencing and presentment (RMIT origin 2003, p. 5).In-text references In the text of your essay or thesis you should identify your source by giving, in parentheses, the authors come to and year of publication of the work to which reference has been made. From the textual reference, the reader can turn to the alphabetical list of references for full publication details. Page computes are essential if directly quoting from a work, use single quotation marks and relevant knave number. I f a work being referred to is long then knave numbers may be useful to the reader. For example Larsen (1971) was the introductory to propound the theory. OR The theory was first propounded in 1970 (Larsen 1971).For example Larsen (1971, p. 245) noted many of the facts in this subject area are incorrect. OR Many of the facts in this case are incorrect (Larsen 1971, p. 245). For example Larsen (1971, p. 245) questions certain aspects of this case. OR Many aspects of this case have been questioned (Larsen 1971, p. 245). If citing multiple works at one point in the text it is recommended that the authors stimulate calling be ordered alphabetically inside the parentheses, with a semicolon to separate them. For example Other studies of globalization focus on its ethnic and human implications (Bauman 1998 Tomlinson 1999). pen ListAt the end of your work you should include a list of ALL the references you have cited in your text. In the Harvard Style sources that are not cited in the text but are relevant to the subject may be listed separately as a bibliography. The equal method of presentation is used for both a list of references and a bibliography. The Reference List is arranged alphabetically by author, and thereafter chronologically, starting with the earliest date. For example Jones, AB 2000, Jones, B 1995, Smith, AK 1990, Smith, AK 1995, Stein, B 2003 Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 1995, Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 2000, Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, Yarbro, CH, Frogge, MH, Goodman, M & Groenwald, SL 2000, Young, JC 1988a, Young, JC 1988b, The format of the citation depends on the nature of the work, ie. whether it is a book, journal article, website, etc. In general the order of elements contained within each reference should include author date agnomen of work statute rubric of bigger work (if any) publishing details date of access (if electronic). Apart from the author and date, each element is separated from the others with a comma and the citation finishes with a full stop.Abbreviations Acceptable abbreviations in the reference list for parts of books and other publications include app. c. ch. ed. (eds. )edn. et al. n. d. n. p. no. p. , pp. para. pt. rev. suppl. vol. vols. appendixcircachapter editor (Editors)edition and othersno dateno outranknumberpage/sparagraphpartrevised supplementvolume (as in Vol. 4) volumes (as in 4 volumes) Examples reservoirs whatsoever type of work you are referencing, the way you list the authors names depends on the number of authors. In-text citationReference list One author(Jones 1995) or Jones (1995) statesJones, B 1995, Sleepers, wake technology and the future of work, 4th edn, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Two or three authorsWhere there is more than one author, the in-text citation in parentheses ordain use an ampersand (&) to join them, whilst if the reference is part of the sentence you use the word and . (Stein & Reynolds 2000) or Stein and Reyn olds (2000) argue.. Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 2000, Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings, 9th edn, John Wiley & Sons, New York. Four or more authorsIf there are quaternary or more authors only include the first author in your in-text citation, adding the words et al. meaning and others. However the Reference List should include all authors. (Yarbro et al. 2000) or Yarbro et al. (2000) have foundYarbro, CH, Frogge, MH, Goodman, M & Groenwald, SL 2000, Cancer nursing, 5th edn, Jones and Bartlett, Boston. multiple works at one point in the textAuthors names should be ordered alphabetically inside the parentheses, with a semicolon to separate them. (Bauman 1998 Tomlinson 1999)Bauman, Z 1998, globalisation and culture, Polity Press, Oxford. Tomlinson, J 1999, Globalization the human consequences, Routledge, London. Several works by same first author and yearSingle author entries antecede references with multiple authors showtime with the same name. A 2-em rule can be u sed to change the authors name(s) that are repeated. (Heyland 2001) or Heyland (2001) reports.. (Heyland & Novak 2001) or Heyland and Novak (2001) reports.. Heyland, DK 2001, In search of the magic nutraceutical problems with watercourse approaches, twenty-four hour periodbook of nutrition, vol. 131, no. 9, p. 2591S. & Novak, F 2001, Immunonutrition in the critically ill diligent more harm than good? , JPEN Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition, vol. 5, no. 2, p. S51. Several works by same author and yearIf you are referring to some(prenominal) works by the same author or group of authors from the same year, designate these a, b, c, . with the order of the listing based on the letter-by-letter alphabetical order of the title of the work. (Porter 2001a) (Porter 2001b) or Porter (2001a) states. or according to Porter (2001b) Porter, ME 2001a, lacquer what went wrong, Wall Street Journal Eastern Edition, vol. 237, no. 56, p. A22. - 2001b, Strategy and the Internet, Harv ard Business Review, vol. 79, no. 3, p. 62. No author givenWhere an item has no named author it is cited by its title. Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) orAccording to the Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, sixth edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia. Editor/sUse the abbreviation ed. for editor or eds. for multiple editors. (eds. Muller, Cloete & Badat 2001)oredited by Muller, Cloete and Badat (2001)Muller, J, Cloete, N & Badat, S (eds. ) 2001, Challenges of globalisation South African debates with Manuel Castells, Maskew Miller Longman, Pinelands, pallium Town. Books Book dress Authors title, Initials course of call for, act of book, Edition, Publisher, discover of publication. Example Jones, B 1995, Sleepers, wake technology and the future of work, 4th edn, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Book chapter initialize Authors epithet, Initials class, prenomen of chapter, in Author of book (if different), backup of book, Edition, Publisher, dimension of publication, Page number(s). Examples Crawford, RJ 1998, Plastics addressable to the designer, in Plastics engineering, third edn, Heinemann-Butterworth, Oxford, pp. 6-18. orChristians, CG 2000, Ethics and politics in qualitative research, in Denzin NK & Lincoln YS Handbook of qualitative research, second edn, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage, pp. 133-154. e-book from a database Note Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not diagnose between printed sources and those sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure for referencing e-books. If an e-book is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, eg. in an Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the same as the original printed book.Where resource formats are available, it is recommended to choose page image format. If an e-book is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as HTML or limp id text, or from a website, you should cite the source you have used, as images, charts, page numbers, etc. may have been removed. Where the source is a library database give the database name, or if it is from the net income give the URL. arrange Authors surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of book, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, database name.Example Kung, SY, Mak, MW & Lin, SH 2004, Biometric authentication a machine learning approach, scholar Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. , viewed 5 August 2005, Safari Tech Books Online. e-book from the Internet Note Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not divert between printed sources and those sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure for referencing e-books. If an e-book is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, eg. in an Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the same as the original printed book.Where alternative formats are availa ble, it is recommended to choose page image format. If an e-book is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as HTML or plain text, or from a website, you should cite the source you have used, as images, charts, page numbers, etc. may have been removed. Where the source is a library database give the database name, or if it is from the internet give the URL. initialize Authors surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of chapter, in Author of book (if different), Title of book, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, .Example Chen, C & Farruggia, S 2002, Culture and young development, in Lonner, WJ, Dinnel, DL, Hayes, SA & Sattler, DN (eds. ), Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Unit 11, Chapter 2, Center for cross-cultural Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington USA, viewed 15 September 2005, . Encyclopaedia or dictionary Encyclopaedias and dictionaries should be cited in the in-text reference only, not in the Reference List. Examples (Literacy in America an encyclopedia 2001, p. 25) states The Macquarie dictionary (1997) defines it as Secondary citationWhile primary sources are essential, sometimes the source you wish to refer to may be unavailable and you must refer to someone elses citation of that source. This is a lowly source and in this case you must include both names in the in-text reference. The Reference List example would include only the source you have seen. In-text citation example MacDonald (1993, cited in Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2003, p. 48) states or (MacDonald 1993, cited in Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2003, p. 48) Reference List example Saunders, M, Lewis, P & Thornhill, A 2003, Research methods for business students, 3rd edn, Pearson Educational, Essex, p. 8. No date Works that do not have a publication date may be cited using the expression n. d. (no date). In-text citation example (Brown n. d. ) or Brown (n. d. ) Reference List example Brown, S n. d. B. B. Bernard, Sunshine Press, London. Journal articles Note Capitalise the first letter of the first word, and each of the major words of the journal name. Do not use capital letters for words such as on, for, in, and example The Australian Journal of Language and Literacy Journal article formatting Author(s) of article surname and initials Year of publication, Title of article, Journal name, volume number, issue number, page number(s).Example Zivkovic, B & Fujii, I 2001, An analysis of isothermal configuration change of phase change material within rectangular and cylindrical containers, Solar Energy, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 51-61. e-journal article from a database Note Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between journal articles from printed sources and articles sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure for referencing electronic journal articles. If a journal article is retrieved electronically from a library d atabase in page image format, eg. as an Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the same as the original printed article.Where alternative formats are available, it is recommended to choose page image format. If a journal article is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as HTML or plain text, or from a website, you should cite the source you have used, as images, charts, page numbers, etc may have been removed. Where the source is a library database give the database name, not the URL. data formatting Author(s) of article surname and initials Year of publication, Title of article, Journal name, volume number, issue number, page number(s), viewed day month year, database name. ExampleEasthope, G 2004, Consuming health the market for complementary and alternative medicine, Australian Journal of Primary Health, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 68-75, viewed 30 March 2005, Australian Public personalised business Full Text. In press article Format Author(s) of article surname a nd initials in press, Title of article, Journal name, viewed day month year, database name (if applicable). Example Mundermann, A, Wakeling, JM, Nigg, BM, Humble, RN & Stefanyshyn, DJ in press, Foot orthoses run into absolute frequency components of muscle activity in the lower extremity , Gait and posture, viewed 15 September 2005, ScienceDirect.Magazine article no author Note if the magazine article does NOT have an author then provide details as an in-text citation only, NOT in the Reference List. For example Electronics Weekly (11 July 2007, p. 4) states Newspaper articles Note Capitalise the first letter of the first word, and each of the major words of the newspaper name. Note if the newspaper article does NOT have an author then provide details as an in-text citation only, NOT in the Reference List. For example The Australian (10 July 2002, p. 1) states Newspaper article FormatAuthors surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of article, Newspaper name, day month, page number(s). Example Tobler, K & Kerin, J 2002, Hormone alert for malignant neoplastic disease, The Australian, 10 July, p. 1. Newspaper article from a database Note Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between articles from printed sources and articles sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure for referencing electronic newspaper articles. If a newspaper article is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, eg. s an Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the same as the original printed article. Where alternative formats are available, it is recommended to choose page image format. If a newspaper article is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as HTML or plain text, or from a website, you should cite the source you have used, as images, charts, page numbers, etc may have been removed. Where the source is a library database give the database name, not the URL. Format Authors sur name, Initials Year of publication, Title of article, Newspaper name, day month, page number(s), viewed day month year, name of database.Example Timmins, N 2005, Delay raises doubt in public sector, Financial Times, 20 July, viewed 21 July 2005, Factiva. Internet sources Discussion list message Format Author Year of posting, Title of posting, description of posting, date and month of posting, name of list owner, viewed day month year, . Example Shively, E 1997, CA pre-1967 information, list server, 1 July, Chemical Information Sources Discussion List, viewed 3 July 2003, . Newsgroup message Format Author Year of posting, Title of posting, description of posting, date and month of posting, name of newsgroup owner, viewed day month year, .Example Milinkovich, M 2005, Oracle PL/SQL in Eclipse, newsgroup, 12 July, News. Eclipse. Technology, 15 September 2005, , Blogs Format Author Year of posting, Title of posting, description of posting, date and month of posting, name of list owner, v iewed day month year, . Example Steffen, A 2005, Bird flu can we out-collaborate a pandemic? blog, 15 August, World Changing another founding is here, viewed 15 September 2005, . Website documents Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format.If quoting or paraphrasing from a website, that is NOT a PDF, then use as part of the in-text reference either a section heading, (eg. Stone 2004, Usage and prognosis section) a paragraph number (eg. Stone 2004, para. 11) Format Author/editor. Year of document, Title of document, name of the give away of the source, date of viewing, . Reference list example Stone, A 2004, Headaches due to digress Cold, Al Stone Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicines, viewed 10 September 2006, http//beyondwellbeing. com/headaches/wind- frigidness. shtml . In-text citation exampleIt is stated that this formula is roughly 85% targeting the symptoms of headache and stuffy nose, while only 15% directly address es the cold or allergies (Stone 2004, Usage and prognosis section) or It is stated that this formula is about 85% targeting the symptoms of headache and stuffy nose, while only 15% directly addresses the cold or allergies (Stone 2004, para. 11) Course notes Course notes from RMIT University Library reserve Format Authors surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of work, course notes from (number), Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, RMIT University Library.Example Dixon, C 2002, Mechanical design 2 project resource material, course notes fromMIET1068, RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 22 July 2005, RMIT University Library. Course notes from RMIT University Library e-reserve Format Authors surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of work, course notes from (number), Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, RMIT University Library . Example Holland, J 2004, Lecture notes 3 bulldozers and land clearing, course notes from CIVE1057, RMIT Univer sity, Melbourne, viewed 22 July 2005, RMIT University Library 1. Course notes from Online RMIT FormatAuthors surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of work, course notes from (number), Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, emailprotected Example Smith, H 2005, Metadata, course notes from ISYS6655, RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 8 July 2005, emailprotected Reports Government publications These may include departmental reports, reports of commissions of inquiry, committees of review and committees of parliament. Format Authors surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of report, Report series polity and number, Sponsoring body or body issuing report series, Publisher, Place of publication.Examples Kogan, P, Moses, I & El-Khawas, EH 1994, Staffing higher education meeting new challenges report of the IMHE project on policies for academic staffing in higher education, Higher education policy series, no. 27, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London. OR Austr alia, Parliament 1976, Department of Foreign Affairs annual report 1975, Parl. penning 142, Canberra. Many government publications are available on the Internet. The following document appeared as a Parliamentary paper, but is also available from the relevant authoritys website. The way you access a document may affect your citation. ExamplesAustralia, Parliament 2003, Fraud control arrangements in the Australian Customs Service, Parl. Paper 32, Canberra. AND Australian National Audit Office 2003, Fraud control arrangements in the Australian Customs Service, viewed August 4 2003, . Parliamentary debates For parliamentary debates and the ex officio records of what has been said in parliament. Example Australia, Senate 2000, Debates, Vol S25, p. 65. Australian Bureau of Statistics Format Authors name, Year of publication, Title of report, cat. no. , Publisher, Place of publication. Example Australian Bureau of Statistics 2005, Australian social trends 2005, cat. o. 4102. 0, ABS, Can berra. OR Format Authors name, Year of publication, Title of report, cat. no. , Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, database name. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2004, Mental Health In Australia A Snapshot, cat. no. 4824. 0. 55. 001, ABS, Canberra, viewed 18 August 2005, AusStats. Legislation and Legal cases Legislation When referring to Commonwealth Acts, Ordinances and Regulations, the title must be reproduced exactly, without changing the capitalisation or spelling. The words Act and bloom are generally written with a capital letter.An Act or Ordinance may be cited by the short title, which is usually drafted into modernistic legislation. The first reference must always include the short title in italics. Subsequent references may refer to it by an undated, descriptive title in popish type. Legislation is usually numbered as well as dated. The number follows the date. For Australian State legislation, the State must be include in roman type. Acts of Parlia ments of the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada and the United States, use roman type. Bills currently before Parliament are presented in roman type, not italics. ExamplesInterstate Road impart Act 1985 (Cwlth) Interstate Road Transport Act Air Navigation Act 1920 (No. 50) (Cwlth) Firearms Act 1936 (NSW) Badgers Act 1974 (UK) Legal cases To fully cite legal authorities list name of case (date) or volume number, or both abbreviated name of report series and beginning page. Example Greutner v. Everard (1960) 103 CLR 177 Other sources Conference paper Format Authors surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of paper, in Editor (if applicable), Title of published proceeding which may include place held and date(s), Publisher, Place of publication, page number(s).Example Kovacs, GL 1994, Simulation-scheduling system using hybrid software technology, in data processor Integrated Manufacturing and Automation Technology Proceedings of the 4th International conference, Troy, New York, October 10-12, 1994, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, California, pp. 351-356. Thesis Format Authors surname, Initials Year of preparation of thesis, Title of thesis, Award, Institution under whose auspices the study was taken. Example Garland, CP 1986, Structure and removal of non-cellulosic components of eucalypt woods, MApplSci thesis, Royal Melbourne land of Technology.Patent Format Name(s) of inventor. Name(s) of assignees, Patent title, Patent number Date of patent (including day and month). Example Wilmott, JM & Znaiden, AP Avon Products Inc. , Cosmetic preparation incorporating stabilized ascorbic acid, U. S. patent 4,983,382 Jan. 8 1991. CD-ROM Format Author/editors name, Initials Year, Title, Edition, CD-ROM, Publisher, Place of publication. Example Young, B & Heath, J 2000, Wheaters functional histology a text and colour atlas, 4th edn, CD-ROM, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh. Film, video, TV and radio program FormatTitle of program Date of recording, format, publisher, place of recording, date viewed. Example What are we going to do with the money? 1997, television receiver program, SBS Television, Sydney, 8 August. Or Swiss ball exercises for performance and function 1999, video recording, Galaxy Leisure Corporation, 3 February. Note the in-text reference would be to the title of the program, also in italics. Personal communication Information gained through personal communication, either face-to-face interview or conversation, telephone call, facsimile, letter, email, etc. should be provided as an in-text citation. lucubrate of personal communications do not need to be included in the Reference List. The information, including day, month and year, is provided in the text, or parenthically. Details of the organisation that the person represents may also be included. Note that initials precede the family name. Examples When interviewed on 24 April 1999, Ms S Savieri confirmed.. Ms S Savieri confirmed this by facsimile on 24 April 19 99. It has been confirmed that an bam occurred in Shepparton (S Savieri 1999, pers. comm. , 24 April). Ms S Savieri (Australian convey of Criminology) confirmed this by email on 24 April 1999.It has been confirmed that an outbreak occurred in Shepparton (S Savieri Australian Institute of Criminology 1999, pers. comm. , 24 April). Bibliography RMIT Business 2003, Written reports and essays guidelines for referencing and presentation in RMIT Business, RMIT University, Melbourne. Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia. -0 http//www. rmit. edu. au/browseID=obcz6j8do3ll -1 http//auth. lib. rmit. edu. au/cat. php? http//eresources. lib. rmit. edu. au/ereserve/notes02/cive1057/31259006935782. pdf